Exploring Modernization Paths in China and Africa: Diversity and Commonality

Zhang Chun*, Wang Hailu

Institute of International Relations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China

Abstract: While Western modernization is often regarded as a dominant model of linear progress, existing theories frequently overlook the diversity of modernization paths and the underlying commonalities shared across them. The rise of alternative models, exemplified by Chinese path to modernization, underscores the potential for multiple trajectories of modernization and reveals three core elements that define these paths: building consensus on development, generating momentum for growth, and enhancing resilience to challenges. The success of Chinese path to modernization can be attributed to several key factors: the establishment of a national development consensus driven by the leadership of the Communist Party of China; the creation of development momentum through endogenous growth, optimal resource allocation, and a sustained commitment to reform and opening-up; and the strengthening of resilience via economic diversification, gradual reforms, and robust risk management strategies. In contrast, African nations present a distinct mix of traditional consensus governance and modern democratic practices, while actively engaging in development-security-governance nexus management and refining early warning and crisis management systems. These countries are exploring their own paths to modernization, informed by their unique socio-political contexts. Despite many differences in national conditions, exchanges of experiences between China and African countries—focused on development consensus, momentum, and resilience—can break the myth that “modernization equals Westernization”. Such exchanges can empower developing nations to pursue their own, independent, and context-specific routes toward modernization.

Keywords: Chinese path to modernization; Africa; development consensus; development momentum; development resilience

JEL Classification Codes: D822.34; F125; F14

DOI: 10.19602/j.chinaeconomist.2025.07.02